What's happening on climate, and how sure we are.

A bigger finance target alone may not work. The authors suggest a separate target for grants, which could raise accountability, trust and transparency.Identifies five priority elements for the post-2025 target (relation to Article 2.1(c), adaptation-mitigation balance, financial instruments, mobilising private finance, 'new and additional' finance) and suggests setting a sub-target for grants.

A review of 1,682 articles found that the overall extent of adaptation to climate change is low, and most efforts are local and small-step rather than transformative. Evidence that these efforts are reducing risks remains limited.A systematic global stocktake screened 48,316 documents and coded 1,682 empirical articles: adaptation is low in extent, largely local and incremental rather than transformative, and evidence that responses reduce observed or projected risk remains limited.

Researchers looked back at 1500 climate policies across 41 countries and found 63 that led to large cuts in emissions. They say price-based policies play an important role in well-designed policy mixes.Ex post evaluation of 1500 policies (1998 to 2022, 41 countries) using a machine learning-based extension of difference-in-differences identified 63 successful interventions with total emission reductions between 0.6 billion and 1.8 billion metric tonnes CO2.

Meeting the well-below 2°C goal would increase energy jobs worldwide, from 18 million today to 26 million by 2050, compared with 21 million under current policies. Fossil fuel extraction jobs would decline, but gains in solar and wind jobs would make up for the losses.Combining job intensities across 11 energy technologies and five job categories in 50 countries with an integrated assessment model under three shared socioeconomic pathways, direct energy jobs reach 26 million by 2050 under a WB2C scenario versus 21 million under current policy; solar and wind gains, particularly in manufacturing (7.7 million in 2050), compensate for fossil extraction losses.

For an even chance of 1.5°C, nearly 60% of oil and gas and 90% of coal must stay in the ground by 2050.By 2050, nearly 60 per cent of oil and fossil methane gas and 90 per cent of coal must remain unextracted for a 50 per cent probability of limiting warming to 1.5 °C, using a global energy systems model.

Compared with continuing with a fossil fuel-based system, a rapid green energy transition will likely save many trillions of dollars, even before counting climate damages or other benefits of climate policy.Probabilistic cost forecasts for solar, wind, batteries and electrolyzers, using methods statistically validated by backtesting on more than 50 technologies, indicate that a rapid green energy transition will likely yield net savings of many trillions of dollars.